Acid-base Equilibria and Calculations
A Chem1 Reference Text
Stephen K. Lower
Simon Fraser University
Contents
1 Proton donor-acceptor equilibria
1.1 The ion product of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Acid and base strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 The
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
fall of the proton
Proton sources and sinks . .
Leveling effect . . . . . . . .
Dissociation of weak acids .
Titration . . . . . . . . . .
Strong bases . . . . . . . . .
Proton free energy and pH .
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4 Acid-base titration
4.1 Titration curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Observation of equivalence points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Detection of the equivalence point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3 Quantitative treatment of acid-base equilibria
3.1 Strong acids and bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Concentrated solutions of strong acids . . . . . . .
3.3 Weak monoprotic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Pure acid in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Weak bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 Carrying out acid-base calculations . . . . . . . .
Selecting the approximation. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solving quadratic and higher-order polynomials . .
3.7 Calculations on mixtures of acids . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 Mixture of an acid and its conjugate...