Basics
* Specific Heat Capacity:
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* Moles = Experimental WeightFormula
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* Concentration= MolesVolume
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* Avagadro's number=6.022 ×1023
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Standard Conditions
* 100Kpa
* 25oC
Volume of one mole of gas at
* 0oC – 22.71L
* 25 – 24.71L
Limewater test
Ca(OH)2+CO2→CaCO3+H2O
Z1V1=Z2V2-Dilution
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1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of other substances.
* Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module:
* Basic reactions to remember:
Acid reactions:
* acid + base salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(s) + H2O(l)
* acid + metal salt + hydrogen gas HCl(aq) + Mg(s)MgCl2(s) + H2 (g)
* acid + carbonate salt + carbon dioxide gas + water HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl(s) + CO2(g) + H2O
* acid + hydrogen carbonate salt + carbon dioxide gas + water (note: there is CO2 solid, its dry ice)
Complete combustion:
* hydrocarbon + oxygen water + carbon dioxide
Displacement reactions:
* Y + X (anion) X + Y (anion); where Y > X on activity series or Eo table.
* Alkene/alkane reactions:
Cracking of pentane:
* pentane ethylene + propane
* C5H12 (g) C2H4 (g) + C3H8 (g)
Hydration of ethylene (the reverse can also happen known as de-hydration, where concentrated acid is used):
* ethylene + water ethanol
* C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) C2H5OH (l)
Hydrogenation of ethylene:
* ethylene + hydrogen ethane
* C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) C2H6 (g)
Hydrohalogenation (more specifically, Hydrofluorination) of ethylene:
* ethylene + hydrogen fluoride fluoroethane
* C2H4 (g)...