Although there are several models of the internationalization process in the literature (life
cycle, incremental, innovation-related, and evolutionary structure), the most influential model
has been the incremental internationalization model (Johanson and Valhne, 1977; Johanson and
Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975), or Uppsala model, developed over three decades ago by researchers at has been the incremental internationalization model (Johanson and Valhne, 1977;Although there are several models of the internationalization process in the literature (life
cycle, incremental, innovation-related, and evolutionary structure), the most influential model
has been the incremental internationalization model (Johanson and Valhne, 1977; Johanson and
Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975), or Uppsala model, developed over three decades ago by researchers at has been the incremental internationalization model (Johanson and Valhne, 1977;
paper, it is not clear which process model of organizational change is used; it appears at times to
Uppsala University in Sweden; however, this model may require revisiontudies find that firms follow a gradual internationalization process (Eriksson, Johanson, Majkgard, and Sharma, 1997; Kwon and Hu, 1995; Welch and Luostarien, 1988; Young, Huang,
and McDermott, 1996) while others find no support for the model (Benito and Gripsrud, 1992;
Fina and Rugman, 1996; Millington and Bayliss, 1990; Sullivan
paper, it is not clear which process model of organizational change is used; it appears at times to and Bauerschmidt, 1990;
Turnbull, 1987). Additionally, there is increasing empirical evidence that does not fit within the
model (Barkema and Drogendijk, 2001; Oviatt and McDougall, 1994, 1997). Moreover, the
model has been subject to criticism that it does not consider the market and economic
environment, that it is limited to the initial stages of internationalization, that it is overly
deterministic, and that it does not consider other...