Journal of International Business Studies, 1–21
& 2004 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. All rights reserved 0047-2506 $30.00
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PERSPECTIVE
Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model
Ted London1 and Stuart L Hart2
Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; 2Johnson School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Correspondence: T London, Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3490, USA. Tel.: þ 1 919 962 4259; Fax: þ 1 919 962 4266; E-mail: londont@unc.edu
1
Abstract With established markets becoming saturated, multinational corporations (MNCs) have turned increasingly to emerging markets (EMs) in the developing world. Such EM strategies have been targeted almost exclusively at the wealthy elite at the top of the economic pyramid. Recently, however, a number of MNCs have launched new initiatives that explore the untapped market potential at the base of the economic pyramid, the largest and fastest-growing segment of the world’s population. Reaching the four billion people in these markets poses both tremendous opportunities and unique challenges to MNCs, as conventional wisdom about MNC global capabilities and subsidiary strategy in EMs may not be appropriate. How MNCs can successfully enter these lowincome markets has not been effectively addressed in the literatures on global and EM strategies. An exploratory analysis, involving interviews with MNC managers, original case studies, and archival material, indicates that the transnational model of national responsiveness, global efficiency and worldwide learning may not be sufficient. Results suggest that the success of initiatives targeting low-income markets is enhanced by recognizing that Western-style patterns of economic development may not occur in these business environments. Business strategies that rely on leveraging the strengths of the existing market...