Applied Energy 86 (2009) 2273–2282
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Applied Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy
Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel
Mustafa Balat *, Havva Balat
Sila Science and Energy Unlimited Company, Mekan Sok, No 24, Trabzon, Turkey
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Bio-fuels are important because they replace petroleum fuels. A number of environmental and economic benefits are claimed for bio-fuels. Bio-ethanol is by far the most widely used bio-fuel for transportation worldwide. Production of bio-ethanol from biomass is one way to reduce both consumption of crude oil and environmental pollution. Using bio-ethanol blended gasoline fuel for automobiles can significantly reduce petroleum use and exhaust greenhouse gas emission. Bio-ethanol can be produced from different kinds of raw materials. These raw materials are classified into three categories of agricultural raw materials: simple sugars, starch and lignocellulose. Bio-ethanol from sugar cane, produced under the proper conditions, is essentially a clean fuel and has several clear advantages over petroleum-derived gasoline in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality in metropolitan areas. Conversion technologies for producing bio-ethanol from cellulosic biomass resources such as forest materials, agricultural residues and urban wastes are under development and have not yet been demonstrated commercially. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Article history: Received 17 December 2008 Received in revised form 3 March 2009 Accepted 12 March 2009 Available online 11 April 2009 Keywords: Biomass Bio-ethanol Fuel properties Production Bioconversion Policy Economy
Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....