Camille Vinogradov Biology, 2 Cells Midterm Study Guide Bacteria>Virus>Prion Pathogenic means disease causing. Prokaryotes have been around for as long as we have. The average prokaryote cell is 1,000 times smaller than the average eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotes reproduce fast, are found in extreme environments, they do not have a cytoskeleton, and obtain and use energy. Eukaryotes are the only ORGANELLE using cell. Both Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes have a cell membrane, a region of DNA, and a cytoplasm and ribosome. Eukaryotes have: a nucleus (DNA surrounded by membrane and organelles (mitochondria, golgi…etc) Functions of proteins: 1. Ribsome=translates mRNA into AA chains. Golgi=sorts, packs, and ships proteins and other molecules out of the cell. Vesicle= structure that packages substances from the ER/Golgi Nucleus=DNA is transcribed into mRNA Mitochondria= Sugar + O2 into ATP + CO2 energy. Lysosome= Lysis: splits, breakdowns and digests. Cell membrane= controls what goes in and out. Protein= Is made by the ribosome. Provides recognition support in the cell. Theory of Endosymbiosis by Lynn Margulis which explains the origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. Evidence for Endosymbiosis: 1) Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA, which is fairly different from that of the cell nucleus, and that is similar to that of bacteria (in being circular and in its size). 2) Mitochondria utilize a different genetic code than the eukaryotic host cell; this code is very similar to bacteria and Archaea. 3) They are surrounded by two or more membranes, and the innermost of these shows differences in composition compared to the other membranes in the cell. The composition is like that of a prokaryotic cell membrane. {draw:frame} Typhoid is an illness caused by the bacteria salmonella enterica. Salmonella Typhi then alters its...