The Studies of Acid Hydrolysis, Chromatography, Quantitative Analysis and Spectrophotometry

The Studies of Acid Hydrolysis, Chromatography, Quantitative Analysis and Spectrophotometry

Hydrolysis is known as a chemical reaction in which the hydrogen and hydroxide ions are split and are used to make new compounds. Acid hydrolysis usually occurs when a salt of a weak acid is dissolved in water. This begins by the H_2 O ionizing into negative hydroxyl ions and positive hydrogen ions. After that is complete, they come together to form positive hydronium ions. Another type of hydrolysis is known as Acid-base-catalyzed hydrolyses. One example of this is the hydrolysis of ester. Nucleophile attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group. If it is a base, the hydroxyl ions are better nucleophiles than dipoles. If it is an acid, the carbon becomes protonated. Either way the products are compounds with carboxylic acid groups. Chromatography is a range of physical methods used to separate and analyze complex mixtures. There are four different types of chromatography. The first is liquid chromatography. Liquid chromatography is used when analyzing water samples for pollution, metal ions, and organic compounds. Next we have Paper Chromatography, which uses paper and separates solvents using capillary action. Gas Chromatography is used in forensics for analyzing fibers. Finally we have Thin Layer Chromatography. This technique is used to check how pure a compound is, such as pesticides. Paper Chromatography and Thin-layer Chromatography are a part of Capillary-action chromatography. Another group is called column chromatography. This involves Flash chromatography, Fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Ion exchange chromatography (IEC), Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and Affinity chromatography. FC is very much like the original chromatography except that the solvent is driven through the column by applying pressure. FPLC is a term used when purifying proteins. HPLC is commonly used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry. The analyte is forced through a column (stationary phase) by a liquid (mobile...

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