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Public Speaking


1. Structure
A. Types
Chronological – time (process, history)
Spatial – physical (macro, micro)
Sub-topical – categories
B. Introduction
Attention getter – fact & source (example, story)
Motivation – connect to audience
Thesis – declarative statement
Preview – list of main ideas
C. Thesis formula: set audience expectations
Include number of main ideas
Specify angle or approach to topic
*EXAMPLE: “there are five steps to changing oil in your car”
Five main ideas
How to speech
D. Preview formula: set audience expectations
Include number of main ideas
Keep to short phrases – concise is best
E. Signposts: follow expectations you set in the preview
*EXAMPLE: enumerate transitions “First”, “Next”, “Also”, “Finally”
Use the exact phrasing from preview
F. Conclusion
Review – repeat list of main ideas (in the same order)
Closing – connect to audience again
2. Supporting Material
A. Purpose of examples:
Making information more concrete, tangible
Relate the part to the whole
B. Types of examples:
Personal – credibility
Instances – audience’s prior knowledge
Hypothetical – audience imagination
Anecdotes – relates to a story
Case studies – authority source
C. Making broader claims:
Common knowledge – generally held beliefs or cultural values
Statistics – establish extent or frequency
Testimony – credibility form authority
(Direct quotes – don’t use too much)
3. Oral Citations
A. Creating ethos:
Credibility of an effect
Audience must relate to source
Citation = relevant information
B. When to cite:
Each piece of information
Attention getter
At least once per main idea
C. What to site:
Book. Interview, website:
Their name
Their credentials
Magazine, newspaper:
Title
Date of publication
D. How to cite: Phrasing
“According to…”
Name & verb
*EXAMPLE: Dr. Smith, psychologist at Emory University, explains…

1.Visual Aids
A. Substances
Clarity...