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BIOLOGY MIDTERM #1
Study Notes : Chapters IV-IX
Chapter V : The Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules
!Concept 5.1 : Marcomolecules are polymers, built from monomers
• Macromolecules : carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids (organic compounds)
• Nucleic Acid : chain like molecules called polymers
• Polymer:
• long molecule consisting of similar identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
• repeating units of polymer = monomer
• Enzymes:
• facilitate making and break down of polymers
• specialized macromolecules which speed up chemical reactions
• Monomers:
• dehydration reaction: monomers connected by reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded to
each other, with the loss of a water molecule
• when bond forms between 2 monomers, each monomer contributes to part of the water molecule that is
released during the reaction
• one monomer provides hydroxyl group
• one monomer provides hydrogen
• Hydrolysis : chemical reaction in which polymers are disassembled to monomers
• reverse of dehydration reaction
• bond between monomers is broken by addition of water molecule (hydrogen from water attaching to one
monomer and hydroxyl group attaches to other monomer)
• example : digestion
• released monomers are observed into bloodstream for distribution to all body cells
• cells can use dehydration reaction to assemble monomers into new, different polymers that perform
specific functions required by cell
!Concept 5.2 : Carbohydrates Serve as a Fuel & Building Material
• Carbohydrates:
• include sugars and polymers of sugars
• simplest carbohydrates : monosaccharides
• disaccharides : double sugars consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
• polysaccharides : carbohydrate molecules; composed of many sugar building blocks
!
Sugar
Chemical Formula
Examples
Example...