End Stage Renal Disease-Dialysis
End Stage Renal Disease-Dialysis
Pathophysiology of ESRD
End stage renal disease is an irreversible deterioration of renal function, resulting in fibrosis, loss of renal cells, and infiltration of renal tissue by the monocytes and macrophages. Proteinuria, hypoxia, and extensive angiotensin II production contribute to the pathophysiology. This can lead to glomerular hyper-filtration that is an early sign in renal damage; endothelial injury. Proteinuria results from increased glomerular permeability and increased capillary pressure, hypoxia contributes to disease progression and angiotensin II increases glomerular hypertension, further damaging the kidneys.
Causes for ESRD
Diabetes mellitus: Diabetes (sometimes called “sugar”) means that your body has problems with a hormone called insulin. Insulin helps your body use the sugar you eat (also called glucose) for energy. When your body doesn’t use insulin the way it should, too much sugar stays in your blood. Too much sugar in your blood can harm the tiny filters in your kidneys.
Hypertension: High blood pressure can also harm your kidneys. In fact, high blood pressure is the #2 cause of kidney failure. Having both diabetes and high blood pressure puts you more at risk for kidney disease and heart disease.
Lupus: Lupus nephritis is the medical term for kidney disease that occurs in SLE patients. With this disease, the tiny filters in the kidneys are damaged resulting in a loss of kidney function. This may lead to fluid retention with weight gain and swelling, called edema. Puffiness in the legs, ankles and/or fingers is often the first complaint of lupus nephritis patients. Other than edema, there are very few signs or symptoms. Lupus nephritis does not produce pain in the abdomen or back, or burning during urination (NKUDIC, 2010-2014).
Clinical manifestations of ESRD
Urinary System: In the early stages of...