LARC 465 12/12/08 Prof. Yuill Landscape Ecology Nohe2 (for example, nitrogen and phosphorus) to streams and rivers; this helps sustain a healthy fish population. (United States E.P.A.) that affects and is affected by an ecological process of interest. Landscape ecology, then, involves the study of these landscape patterns, the interactions among the elements of this pattern, and how these patterns and interactions change over time. In addition, landscape ecology involves the application of these principles in the formulation and solving of real-world problems.(UMass) Nohe3 Declines in breeding bird populations have been associated with the loss and fragmentation of large blocks of interior forest and natural vegetation types. An increase in the frequency and magnitude of floods that cause extensive property damage and the loss of human life has been associated with increases of impervious surfaces in extensive agricultural and urban areas. These • Detecting pattern and the scale at which it is expressed, and summarizing it quantitatively. • Identifying and describing the agents of pattern formation, which include the physical abiotic template, demographic responses to this template, and disturbance regimes overlaid on these. • Understanding the ecological implications of pattern; that is, why it matters to populations, communities, and ecosystems. Nohe4 • Characterizing the changes in pattern and process over space and time; that is, the dynamics of the landscape, and summarizing it quantitatively. • Managing landscapes to achieve human objectives.(UMass) Nohe5 emphasis on typology, classification, nomenclature, and mostly is concerned with "built" systems.(UMass) In the United States this is found in design schools where they teach Landscape Architecture and Planning, and not so much associated with the biology department. This school is strongly represented in The United States and other places. The Landscape Ecology Program is...