EPISTEMOLOGY In Epistemology, the kind of knowledge usually discussed is propositional knowledge, e.g. in mathematics, it is known that 2 + 2 = 4, but there is also knowing how to add two numbers. Some philosophers thus think there is an important distinction between "knowing that" and "knowing how. Epistemology also deals with Beliefs, Truth and Justification When it comes to truth, if someone believes something, he or she thinks that it is true but may be mistaken. This is not the case with knowledge. For example, a man thinks a particular road is safe he uses it and is attacked by armed robbers it could be said that the man believed that the road was safe, but that his belief was mistaken. At least at that particular time. For something to count as knowledge, it must actually be true. The Aristotelian definition of truth states:_"To say of something which is that it is not, or to say of something which is not that it is, is false. However, to say of something which is that it is, or of something which is not that it is not, is true."_ Socrates considers a number of theories as to what knowledge is, the last being that knowledge is true belief that has been given meaning explained or defined in some way. According to the theory that knowledge is justified true belief, in order to know that a given proposition is true, one must not only believe the relevant true proposition, but one must also have a good reason for doing so. One implication of this would be that no one would gain knowledge just by believing something that happened to be true. For example, an ill person with no medical training, but a generally optimistic attitude, might believe that he/she will recover from his/her illness quickly. Nevertheless, even if this belief turned out to be true, the patient would not have known that he/she would get well since his/her belief lacked justification. The definition of knowledge as justified true belief was widely accepted until the 1960s. METAPHYSICS...